Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Consumer behavior - Essay Example The main branch of Nintendo Company, Limited (NCL) is located in Kyoto, Japan. Over the years, Nintendo managed to establish its global offices in the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, China, and Korea. (Nintendo - The Official Magazine, 2007) Nintendo DS, also known as NDS or DS which stands for ‘Dual Screen and Developers’ System (Nintendo DS, 2007a), is a handheld game console that is manufactured by Nintendo back in 2004. Similar to Game Boy Advance SP, NDS has a two LCD screens with a sensitive touch screen, built-in microphone, and is Wi-Fi capable in order to enhance the gaming experience of the players. In China, NDS or DS is known as iQue DS. The development and promotional activities of NDS is incredibly a success. After the first week of launching the new product, the company managed to sell 500,000 or more than 90% of its available Nintendo DS units. (Becker, 2004) During the same year, Nintendo DS successfully defeated Sony’s sales of PlayStation Portable or PSP with only 200,000 sold in Japan by mid-December. As of end of September 2006, Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite have sold more than 26.82 million units. The purpose of this study is to enable the researcher to have a better insight on how to conduct a marketing audit on Nintendo DS. In order to successfully analyze the market segment of Nintendo DS, it is necessary for the all the Nintendo for the researcher to carefully study the product mix or the 4 P’s of NDS known as product, pricing, promotional activities, and place (market distribution). The market for Nintendo’s Game Boy has already reached its peak. In order to maintain the company’s current position on being able to grab the biggest market share on handheld gaming, it is crucial for the company to constantly develop and launch a more high-tech handheld console in the global market. There is a

Raising Achievement of Ethnic Minority Children Essay Example for Free

Raising Achievement of Ethnic Minority Children Essay This literature review would explore the barriers in raising educational achievements of ethnic minority students. As this is a broad area of concern the literature would examine two main barriers such as social background issues and English as Additional Language (EAL) while briefly looking at other barriers such as†¦ Statistical data collected from the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) 2002 would be analysed in respect to this group social economic status and its effect on their learning. The literature would outline the significance of raising achievement, particularly ICT teacher’s responsibility. This report would identify some strategies/solutions including pedagogical approaches to raising achievement which would be supported by research. The overall findings would illustrate why ethnic minority children underperform academically than their counterparts in school. INTRODUCTION It is important to recognise that ethnic minority pupils may fall into the category of low class low achievement. (Battle and Lewis 2010 pg35) said â€Å"a person’s education is closed linked to their life chances, income and wellbeing† it’s therefore, fair to say that ethnic minority communities are most likely to underachievement than others because of their socio-economic conditions. Language in education has long been the subject of attention by educationists at all levels. Initially as concerning the problem of teaching English to children for whom it is not a first language, The Swann Report 1985 pg385 Other drawbacks to raising achievement are institutional racism, lack of motivation, lack of suitable challenge, the appropriateness of activities and tasks, a mix-match of expectations, a perceived irrelevance of the activities and tasks. National Education Authority claim to be â€Å"raising achievement to higher levels and closing student achievement gaps are priorities in schools and communities at all economic levels and in urban, rural, and suburban settings†. (http://www.nea. org/home/17413. htm. Accessed 02/11/12) What is Raising Achievement? According to (DfES 0013-2006. Pg. 6) (Excel and enjoy) raising achievement means a â€Å"tailored education for every child and young person, that gives them strength in the basics, stretches their aspirations, and builds their life chances. It will create opportunity for every child, regardless of their background†. Teachers have a committed liability to enable all learners to attain and achieve their full potential, whether they are SEN (Special Education Needs), EAL (English as an Additional Language) or ethnic minority student. What is Ethnic Minority? The ethnic minorities in the UK, 50% are Asian or Asian British (Indian, Pakistani etc. ), 25% are Black or Black British (Black African, Black Caribbean etc. ), 15% are Mixed Race, 5% are Chinese and 5% are of other ethnic backgrounds. (http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/ethnic_minorities_education. htm. Accessed 02/11/12) Cabinet Office defined it as â€Å"Ethnicity refers to cultural heritage (thus the term ethnic minorities can also be used to include White ‘ethnic’ minority groups in Britain, such as the Irish or people from other European countries). However, the systematic historical and continuing pattern of disadvantage for Black and Asian groups singles them out for special consideration†. (webarchive. gov. uk. Accessed 02/11/12). Barriers to Raising achievement Socio-Economic Backgrounds: Socio class can cause inequality in class which could in turn influence the achievement in children; (C. Stephen pg. 269) Social scientists have recognised the importance of an individual’s family socio economic status (SES) has an influence on the academic achievement of children since the mid-1960s. It could cause low their self-confidence and self-esteem â€Å"ethnic minorities may have special issues related to self-esteem. Because of prejudice, minority members are likely to see a negative image of themselves† ( DeLamater. J Myers. D pg. 88). (http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/ethnic_minorities_education. htm) â€Å"Ethnic backgrounds that are less successful in education is because they have a higher percentage of pupils from working class backgrounds. Also the lower a childs class position, the lower their income. Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black pupils are more likely to be raised in low income families. This can affect how well they do in school because lack of funds means lack of school equipment, less favourable working conditions e. g. cold house, no desk etc. This inequity could lead to poor or erratic attendance which was cited as a contributory factor to poor attainment in several schools. Table1 the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) 2002 illustrates the impact of socio-economic disadvantage by comparing relative GCSE performance for pupils who are eligible for free school meals. This shows that pupils from lower socio-economic groups tend to achieve less good results than those from higher socio-economic groups and that this difference is particularly large for white pupils. (Aiming High Raising the Achievement of Minority Ethnic Pupils) Table2: The pupil level annual school census (PLASC) 2002 characteristics: Proportion achieving 5+ A*-C GCSEs for those entered for GCSEs in Maintained Schools in 2002 Note: these charts are based on data collected as part of the 2002 Pupil Level Annual Schools Census. From 2003, data will be based on an updated set of categories including mixed heritage, Gypsy/Roma and Travellers of Irish heritage which are listed at annex A. (Aiming High Raising the Achievement of Minority Ethnic Pupils) Discrimination on grounds such as race will affect effective learning fundamentally in most cases, which is linked to disparities in school. Some schools are institutionally racist, says Oftseds Director of Inspections, Jim Rose to the annoyance of teachers unions. Mr Rose said Much of that [racism], we think, is to do with unwitting stereotyping of youngsters and the lack of expectation or lowered expectation of teachers as a result of that sometimes (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/education/294078. stm)†. With the fact that their â€Å"ethnicity influences their class and their class influences their attitude†, there is concern about the aspirations of underprivileged children â€Å"socio-economic barriers may hinder aspiration formation for these children because of lack of mentors, opportunities, and resources and also doubt their ability to attain in learning† (http://www.learningbenefits. net/Publications/ResReps/ResRep27. pdf pg3). The majority of schools are engaged in a wide variety of initiatives to improve provision and raise the attainment of all pupils. However, few schools monitor these activities systematically and rarely do they have a specific ethnic focus. (Raising_the_attainment_of_minority_ethnic_pupils_school_and_LEA_responsespg7). Strategies to raising achievement of Socio-economic barrier: Having realistic expectations of the educational achievement of children of lower socioeconomic groups will make them feel they can achieve their potential. â€Å"Expectations are also shaped by teacher and student perceptions of the reasons for successes and failures. A low ability student, who views failures as lack of ability and successes as luck, will lose his motivation, feeling that there is little he can change to improve his learning†. (Rose Miller 2001) As evidenced earlier pupils from ethnic minority group have low self –esteem therefore, it is crucial for teachers to encourage the child or young person to find their own preferred style and rhythm of learning so they are motivated to pursue their learning process, making them have ownership of their own learning and work. To help raise achievement teachers and leaders should monitor and track achievement, encourage and support the child to maximize their potential be aspirational for them. â€Å"Parents with fewer financial resources tend to hold lower aspirations for their children, and young people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds tend to have lower aspirations than their more advantaged peers (Schoon, 2006). Promoting a culturally friendly environments and establishing classroom ethos of respect with a clear approach to racism and bad behaviour â€Å"modelling and promoting values, attitudes and behaviour supportive of race equality in class would explore and target underachievement to raise attainment†. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg23). Strategically choosing students to work in groups, peer assessment where they can see others work which could help them shape their own work and attain a better grade. However, teachers need to provide students with a stress free learning environment so they can feel included . (EVIDENCE OF WHY THEY NEED STRESS FREE ENVIRON,ENT) The revised National Curriculum includes a statutory inclusion statement setting out how teachers can ensure the curriculum is accessible to all pupils which would certainly help raise attainment for also ethnic minority students . It states that teachers must follow three principles for inclusion: setting suitable learning challenges; responding to pupils’ diverse learning needs; and overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment for individuals and groups of pupils. (cabinet office pg14). NALDIC (National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum), states that we should therefore ensure access to and progress through the curriculum or subject content. (using ict for eal pg5) Also very few schools review their curricular and pastoral strategies to ensure that they are sensitive to the ethnic groups in the student population and the wider community. In those instances where schools have done this as a result of concerns about a particular minority ethnic group, positive outcomes have resulted. (Raising_the_attainment_of_minority_ethnic_pupils_school_and_LEA_responsespg7) Schools working effectively with pupils in low attaining groups were not found to adopt specific approaches for particular groups of pupils such as minority ethnic groups, but instead personalised the curriculum, pedagogy and assessment such that pupils in any group could benefit. (Effective Teaching and Learning for Pupils in Low Attaining Group). Self- assessment and appropriate target setting according to individual learning styles would help them to build identities as successful learners. The new Teachers Standards (DfE, 2011) would enable this strategy to work perfectly as teachers have to Adapt teaching to respond to the strengths and needs of all pupils†¦evaluate distinctive teaching approaches to engage and support them. (Standard 5 The QTS Standards: DFES ‘Qualifying to Teach’(2002) In additional, as â€Å"they are much more likely than their peers of a higher socioeconomic environment to have a poor attendance, leave school earlier and with fewer qualifications, and are at far greater risk of being excluded from school. † http://education-landscapes. eu/pdf/learning_barriers. pdf . Teachers recognise strengths and improvements praising their effort would encourage children participation. Using positive words (‘I’ve seen a spark in you) and encourage this group would make them feel motivated, believe in themselves and appreciated to want to attend school (promoting attendance) regardless of any socio-economic worries. Attending â€Å"parents evenings and other less formal school functions can help understand difficulties and help to remove any barriers† http://education-landscapes. eu/pdf/learning_barriers. pdf. This could help build parent teacher relationship and both parties could devise ways to help raise the achievement and eliminate barriers affecting this young person’s learning. ? Respect frustration and encourage a positive approach to setbacks. http://education-landscapes. eu/pdf/learning_barriers. pdf. English as an Additional Language (EAL) barrier on Ethnic Minority: EAL learners will be affected by attitudes towards them, their culture, language, religion, and ethnicity http://www.mkweb. co. uk/emass/documents/Website_EAL_Artwork. pdf. The proportions of pupils with English as an additional language are from ethic minority background groups about five per cent (Black Caribbean pupils) to over 90 per cent (those from Bangladeshi backgrounds). Approximately 9. 3% (over 632,000) of all pupils in schools in England are recorded as having English as an additional language (EAL) according to Statistics of Education 2002(aiminghighraisingachievent pg28). These speech patterns are argued to be consistent with many low income families which are inadequate to meet the demands of the education system. These patterns directly contribute to educational failure as students cannot always understand elaborated speech which teachers use and teachers often misunderstand students who use the restricted speech. As a result there is a breakdown in communication between teachers and pupils. http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/ethnic_minorities_education. htm. This is a major barrier to achievement as English is not their first language and cannot communicate effectively in lesson, with peers and content of the curriculum it is helpful for the to access prior knowledge so they have a fair understanding before the next lesson â€Å"Language learners need access to the subject curriculum while they are learning English†. EAL students learning is NOT a learning difficulty, learners should not be placed in groups or sets for ‘slow learners’–they need good peer models of subject specific talk and writing. Teacher expectations are powerful determiners of student success. Teachers should reflect high expectations in the ambitious targets set for these children. Bilingual learners need to make more progress each year than their peers in order to catch up (Collier, 1995) –their efforts need to be acknowledged and appreciated, to build their self-image and self-esteem as successful learners. (Making the Difference Teaching and learning strategies in multi-ethnic schools) Solution/Approaches: (Bourne, 1998 and others) Reforming the mainstream to be more language aware is not only good for bilingual learners, but benefits ALL students (Making the Difference Teaching and learning strategies in multi-ethnic schools). Education authorities have recognised the fact that student with EAL will struggle to reach their potential and has incorporate into the new Teachers Standards, saying that â€Å"all teachers and trainee teachers will benefit from an understanding and recognition of EAL as a significant field of teaching and learning. (http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy.) It is important to recognise that children learning EAL are as able as any other children, and the learning experiences planned for them should be no less cognitively challenging â€Å"High challenge can be maintained through the provision of contextual and linguistic support and raise attainment. (ExcellenceandEnjoyment:learningandteachingintheprimaryyears,Creatingalearningculture:Classroomcommunity,collaborativeandpersonalisedlearning(DfES 0522-2004 G) However, Schools and colleges will need therefore to provide both physical and virtual learning environments that motivate and support the EAL learner’s distinctive needs. Raising achievement of ethnic minorities students with low attainment and EAL by developing appropriate resources across the curriculum; make effective use of displays boards to support their learning and develop their knowledge of the linguistic, cultural backgrounds. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg32) It is a legal requirement for literacy to be included into lesson; literacy is fundamental to good learning and achievement. It must therefore be a top priority for teachers consider how subject specific vocabulary like writing out keywords on white board, spelling and pronouncing words correctly which would help improve their English language â€Å"grammar should be introduced, modelled, extended and supported through the teaching of subject content to enhance literacy† (ExcellenceandEnjoymentlearningandteachingforbilingualchildrenintheprimaryyears). Organise small groups for computer-based activities that enable early stage learners to work with other first language speakers and to hear good models of English. â€Å"Establishing layered curriculum targets as a context for language development. Speaking and listening: guided sessions for language development. † (Effective Teaching and Learning for Pupils in Low Attaining Group). Using ICT to raise achievement of Ethnic Minority pupils with EAL. ICT has a vital role to play in providing the appropriate resources and technology for both learners and teachers. Using ICT to support EAL students presents challenges for many teachers of how best to make use of these new and emerging technologies to raise the achievement of their EAL students. (Using ICT to support students who have English as an additional language) Using Creative use of ICT in the classroom can promote inclusion and reflect cultural and linguistic diversity. Multimedia Projects provide excellent opportunities for learners to work collaboratively with other first language speakers. Email, local network links, user groups and video conferencing facilities provide opportunity for learners to communicate with proficient speakers of English and also of their first language across the world. Pupils learning EAL require opportunities to draw on additional contextual support to make sense of new information and language. Content learning for pupils learning EAL can be greatly improved through the use of visual support. This can help learners to conceptualise learning tasks that are being presented to them, or in which they are engaged, even when their knowledge of the target language is limited. http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy OCD/Migraine/ Metal plate in head due to past injury. If *** bumps her head call carer immediately/ unhappy to come SRS/difficult to make friends/suffered bullying/kept away from other students at break times in primary school/attention seeker/ mother died due to violently attacked by father (sees father in prison) / CAMHS/ care placement/ Literacy/maths/low self esteem/limited support from home/ IEP/PEP Pedagogy approach to EAL EAL pedagogy is the set of systematic teaching approaches which have evolved from classroom based practices in conjunction with the development of knowledge through theoretical and research perspectives. These approaches meet the language and learning needs of pupils for whom English is an additional language. They can be used in a wide range of different teaching contexts. http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy Setting out limited number of objectives criteria describe what the outcomes will look like when they are achieved; and actions linked to the target objectives to identify what has to be achieved by the end of lesson is said to raise success of learners whose second language is English (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg23). Personalisation is the key to tackling the persistent achievement gaps between different social and ethnic groups. It means a tailored education for every child and young person, that gives them strength in the basics, stretches their aspirations and builds their life chances. Higher standards, better schools for all (HMSO 2006)(from-excellentandenjoymentlearning pg14) The development of EAL pedagogy has been influenced by social constructivist theories which emphasise the importance of scaffolding learning, and those which highlight the importance of socio-cultural and emotional factors. Children learning EAL will be affected by attitudes towards them, their culture, language, religion and ethnicity. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg14) Learning of English should be distinguished into communicative skills and cognitive and academic language proficiency. Children should be paired up in group so they can become conversationally fluent in the new language by communication and collaborating with others and to catch up with monolingual peers in the development of cognitive and academic language. Activating pupils prior knowledge â€Å"Finding out what pupils know about a topic through questioning, supporting self-monitoring and using KWL (Know, Want to find out, Learned) charts, brainstorming in small groups or pairs, discovery tasks, enabling use of first language. †http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy. Peer and share, questioning strategies using oral feedback is also important to move learners towards the forms of language used in writing (cognitive) and linguistic development. Children learning an additional language are not just learning vocabularies, grammars and pronunciations; it helps them to learn all other language functions such as questioning, analysing, hypothesising that they need for other subjects like mathematics, science, ICT and so on. Planning lesson for a class that has EAL student.

Differring Religions In Todays Essay -- essays research papers

Differring Religions Each religious group possesses its’ own individual world- view. Two groups, which vary a great deal when reflecting upon their world-views are the Native Americans and the Puritans. While one group holds one set of standards and beliefs to be true, the other group abides by a completely opposite set of ideas. The Native American religion functions using its’ own world –view. Unlike in Western religions, the Native American religion does not have certain places in which they need to be more religious than others do. In the Native American religion there is no notion of essential monotheism. There is no one true god in their religion; therefore they are free to have open-ended worship. The Native American religion is also made up of a pluralist belief. This means that different tribes have different myths and rituals, although they are all part of the same religion. In the handout, â€Å"Franciscans and Indian Revolt†, the idea that the world-view of Native American religion differs from many others is evident. The main conflict in this reading is that men dominate most positions in religious power. The Shaman, the Native American religious leader, manipulated the people through rituals and trances. He was said to possess supernatural powers. The Shaman was both feared and admired by the Native Americans. He was known to have the ability to either heal a sick man, or kill him. It was these types of powers, which set him apart from the Jesuit priest in the reading. Originally the Native Americans despised the entire Jesuit religion. The hated their clothing, their ideas, the way they went about their lives, etc. However, the Jesuits immunity to disease made the Native Americans take notice of them. It was through this that they began to admire their â€Å"powers†. The Native Americans saw the Jesuits as sorcerers, just as the Jesuits saw them. The Jesuits ritual of baptism made the Indians believe that Jesuits had the power to ki ll people with water. The Jesuits were also able to read and write, which greatly impressed the Native Americans. In the reading â€Å"French Views of Native Americans†, the Native-Americans are described as â€Å" they are I say, savage, haunting the woods, ignorant, lawless and rude.† They reading continues to go on referring to them as wanderers and basically a senseless use of human life. The French formed these opinions of ... ...one God. The Native Americans do not hold the idea of monotheism true, while the Puritans strictly believe in it. This is discussed throughout the reading â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity†, along with the Puritan system of a covenant. It restates the idea of obeying one God, and following the ideas of the covenant along with the commandments. It also discusses the vital need for a close knit community, yet another Puritan belief. As written in the text, â€Å" every man might have need of other, and hence they might be all knit more nearly together in the bond of brotherly affection.† This is simply the idea of having a community, which is a main factor in Puritan life. There are many differences, which separate the Native American religion from the Puritan religion. Their God, their way of life and their belief system take two different paths. One group has a set of ideas which they feel are correct and appropriate to live by, while the other group has world-view s which they expect are the right ways to follow the religion in which they believe. The Puritan religion and the Native American religion may have very little, if nothing, in common, however they both served their people well.

Ethical dilemmas Essay

Any field of study has its dilemmas and nursing is no exception. The dilemmas in question tend to take a higher dimension and involve the nurse educators as well. Their dilemmas range from ethical or legal to moral. Some of these dilemmas involve trying to meet the needs of the community around you. Trying to address environmental issues is another dilemma. Dealing with challenges form your students is also another dilemma, and many more (Foot, 2002,). A close tool at the whole topic shows that the educator in question may be faced with the dilemma of not having enough content for his students. This may make him feel threatened and frustrated, because he may end up teaching the wrong thing to the students who may end up endangering the lives of the patients, they will be handling, after college (Foot, 2002). If contents is not enough the educator may feel threatened by producing half-baked students. This should be well considered and ensure it does not happen. However it is normally common especially when the educator is still fresh with his work (Foot, 2002). The educator in question may also be faced with the dilemma of early preparations. This normally happens when he does not know how to prepare or when to prepare. In the process students end up not getting enough information form their educator (Scott, 1998). On the side of the communities needs is another problem, especially if the educator does not know them. Since the educator is someone with his or her professional then it is very obvious and possible not to understand the needs of the community better. This normally leads to a lot of misunderstanding and frustrations (Cohen, 2003). The dilemmas in question also tend to be challenges, especially form students. This is true, especially when the students come for advice. The nurse educator will normally not know what to tell his students when he himself has no enough knowledge of their needs. It is a serious issue as some students ignore the departments of guiding and counselling and prefer to seek the advice of their educators. Unless the higher authorities know better how to address this issue there will always be a problem (Cohen, 1998). Other challenges that face the most nurse educators are class preparations, how to keep in touch with the current affairs, cases of students lying or cheating in exams, dealing with death cases, and also wanting to be a role model (Rodin, Collins, 1991). As for class preparations, this is true when the nurse educator tries to prepare enough or adequately for the classes. It is more serious if the educator is involved with students who normally ask very hard questions. This can always make the educator feel inadequate, and that does not know how to prepare for classes better, it normally becomes another problem (Denhardt, 1988). Keeping in touch with the current affairs is important and enjoyable when the nurse educator tries to keep in touch with the current affairs; there is always the problem of maintaining himself in his profession. This is a very big dilemma; unless the higher authorities address it properly then it is still a major problem for the nurse educator (Cohen, 2003). Another problem is that of trying to be a role model to his students. This is also a big dilemma since it involves knowing at first hand how to go about it. The educator should be provided with enough information about it. This is to say they should be taught early enough in colleges or universities (Scott, 1998). The higher authorities must change their attitude from the non- supportive one to a more positive and responsive one. The ethical dilemma faced by the nurse educators are worrying especially this one of catching a student cheating in the examination. This should always be handled very sensitively. Unless the higher authorities understand the educator’s needs then misunderstandings will always come in even in such a case (Denhardt, 1988). The governments should think hard on how to address these dilemmas. They are serious ones, and should not be allowed to happen in any way. Once they are properly handled this will promote and give morale to the educators in question and also improve the stands of living of people (Rodin, Collins, 1991).

Greggs plc Essay

1.0 Executive Summary Greggs plc intend to expand their operations into international markets in order to satisfy their overriding objective: ‘to be Europe’s No. 1 Bakery’. Germany has been selected as the host country and justification for this decision has been discussed. Moreover, Greggs will enter the German Bakery market through the employment of a ‘Foreign Direct Investment’ method, more specifically a ‘Sales and Production Subsidiary’. This report outlines the blend of marketing mix components used to position the offering; the implementation method adopted to ensure effective product and service delivery; and the control mechanisms utilised to make sure that objectives are achieved. 2.0 Introduction Greggs is the currently the leading UK retailer in the bakery market having experienced high levels of growth in 2002. The company achieved revenues of  £422.6 million, an increase of 11.9% on the previous fiscal. Its operating profit also witnessed an increase of 11.8% to  £35.3 million in 2002. Their popularity has rapidly increased as consumers are seeking quick, convenient and indulgent foods to complement their fast-paced lifestyles . Greggs is actively expanding their operations and have over 1,200 retail outlets under the Greggs and Bakers Oven brands . They entered into the international arena in 2003 with the opening of two outlets in Belgium. This strategy was pursued in order to fulfil the company’s long-term objective of becoming a leader in the European market place. Further international expansion will therefore satisfy their current objectives and enhance their presence in the European bakery market. 2.1 Report Objectives To justify market choice To undertake internal and environmental analysis for the home and host country To identify the most appropriate foreign entry strategy To tailor a services marketing mix to requirements of the host market To suggest methods of implementation to allow successful market penetration To monitor the progress of this venture through the employment of control mechanisms 3.0 Mission statement â€Å"We intend to be Europe’s finest bakery-related retailer, achieving our ambitious growth targets by attaining world-class standards in everything we do. Our purpose is the growth and development of a thriving business for the benefit and enjoyment of employees, customers and shareholders alike. 3.1 Values Greggs is a customer-focused business, seeking to provide excellent products and services that deliver enjoyment and value-for-money. We are committed to people development, within a considerate culture that combines autonomy and accountability and maintains a strong focus on profitability. In all our activities, we aim to achieve excellence through continuous improvement†. 4.0 – Market Choice Cannon and Willis propose a method of â€Å"simple elimination † to identify a potential host market. This method of market choice ensures that the remaining country satisfies all main criteria highlighted by the  organisation. The diagram below shows a systematic approach to finding a suitable market for Gregg’s expansion. Industrial, economic and cultural factors will be integrated into the selection process as these are central to Greggs’ operations in addition to their main aim: ‘To be the no.1 bakery retailer in Europe.’ Parallel to their objectives, all non-EU countries will be excluded from the selection process. Greggs’ second priority is to enter markets which display fast growth in bakery markets. The countries with the highest levels of category growth are shown below: Figure A Country Cakes and Pastries Market – % Category Growth 1995 – 1999 Portugal 4.60% Germany 3.70% France 3.60% Spain 1.80% Denmark 1.80% Using this table, Greggs may eliminate Denmark and Spain from their market choice selection process. Psychological distance between the home and host country can also determine the success of international activities and thus have been incorporated into the process. The French have a wide selection of elaborate, exquisite and gourmet dishes. This contradicts the typical product proposition offered by Greggs. Although Greggs could consider a focused differentiation strategy targeting niche  markets, the abundance of specialist bakery retailers would suggestively make the French bakery market difficult to penetrate effectively and therefore exclude it from further scrutiny. Portuguese market trends highlight an increasing demand for â€Å"wholesome, family products â€Å". In contrast to the latter, Greggs offer an ‘on the move’ food proposition which is typically consumed individually rather than in a family environment. Suggestively the Portuguese are reluctant to embrace new food offerings as research illustrates a strong preference for traditional cuisine served in traditional restaurant settings . Moreover the market is dominated by both high street retailers such as Podaria Popular and industrial manufacturers thus implying high barriers to entry are high. Having adopted this process of elimination, Germany appears to be the prevailing market choice. Despite the high labour costs, long vacation time and slow economic growth , Germany’s overall economic performance is the 3rd largest in Europe and consequently presents itself as an attractive market choice for Greggs. â€Å"Products with a convenience character are continuing to prove popular in the German bakery market, ranging from ready to eat and impulse products to in store bakery products â€Å". Furthermore, â€Å"across the bakery market, international bakery specialties such as croissants, ciabattas and baguettes are rising in popularity, a reflection of higher consumer demand for more non-traditional or novel products â€Å". This market therefore presents itself as an ideal location for Greggs to expand their international operations. Greggs will pursue a ‘concentration’ technique with regard to country and customer target group. â€Å"A company may concentrate its efforts by entering countries that are highly similar in terms of market characteristics and infrastructure to the domestic market â€Å". This will enable Greggs to minimise risk and benefit from cultural fit. Moreover, as in the UK they will concentrate efforts on a focused target audience. 5.0 – Internal and Environmental Analysis 5.1 – Internal Analysis 5.1.1 Strengths Internal strengths need to be assessed to identify assets, capabilities and core competencies that are transferable to the host country. Greggs is a well recognised bakery retailing brand in the UK which aims to â€Å"create a single and cohesive Greggs brand nationwide â€Å". This is being executed using a coherent and consistent promotion of the company’s proposition and brand across the country. Greggs have sustained a strong cash flow which allows them to invest money in maintaining in their retail outlets, bakeries and brand. Key investments include significant funds spent on production facilities to support the growth of retail operations. Greggs actively seek to position their stores in prominent locations relative to distribution channels and customer access. Greggs stores are typically located in busy and heavily populated towns where their fast and convenient proposition is ideal. In response to the 6.4% increase in demand for takeaway foods , Greggs is adapting their servicescape to cater for these growing needs. 5.1.2 Corporate Culture Greggs operates in a risk taking corporate culture which allows them to be innovative and responsive to market changes. They believe in providing high customer service aiming to retain customers by inducing loyalty and trust. They place great emphasis on motivating and empowering employees as they believe that continued growth of the business is a reflection of the workforce . These competencies are transferable and of equal value to the  German marketplace. Greggs are actively expanding their operations internationally in order to spread risk, increase international brand awareness of their product portfolio and exploit fast growing new markets. 5.1.3 Value Chain Greggs UK have produced a ‘Value Chain Analysis’ which is â€Å"an analytical tool that describes all activities that make up the economic performance and capabilities of the firm .† This can be used by Greggs to exhibit core competences that can be exploited in the host market . 5.2 – Environmental Analysis The environmental analysis aims to identify the current situation of the German bakery market using relevant tools of analysis and international research methods. A PEST analysis has been used to identify influential factors for Greggs in Germany as discussed. 5.2.1 International Marketing Research â€Å"Marketing research refers to gathering, analysing and presenting information â€Å". It is the lack of knowledge on foreign markets that is one of the major barriers an international marketing manager must overcome . It is therefore imperative that Greggs formulate an effective market research strategy as the first step in overcoming this barrier. In this case, international marketing research was carried out for the purpose of reducing potential risk and providing us with a final systematic and objective approach for our proposition. Primary research has not been undertaken due to the limitations of this report. However, if Greggs were to implement this internationalisation  proposal, primary research would be an imperative tool when considering market choice. These could include qualitative methods such as interviews and observation. Secondary forms of research carried out have included Government reports, Internet sources and textbook literature, and further strengthened by journal articles. This variety of data collection methods helps to provide a rich analysis from numerous sources as a foundation for decision-making. From this research the following factors have been taken into consideration when considering Germany. 5.2.2 Social & Economic Environment Social factors, as outlined in the PEST analysis outline the increasing trend towards ‘on the go’ consumption. This reflects the busy lifestyle of the working population in Berlin hence the choice of location. The economic factor of high disposable income also provides an attractive reason for Germany as consumer spending is high. 5.2.3 Prospective Country Culture Greggs may use the Hofstede model to â€Å"identify persuasive fundamental differences of national cultures † and thereby assess their cultural fit. â€Å"According to Hofstede, the way people in different countries perceive and interpret their world varies along four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity .† The German culture is a low context and explicit, perhaps ever more so than the British. Moreover, â€Å"the German national mentality is of a relatively high level of uncertainty avoidance. The Germans do not like a sense of insecurity which makes them feel uneasy in business. (Germans work with) hard facts, and sound arguments â€Å". There are therefore slight cultural differences that the UK management team will have to consider upon entering the German market. 5.2.4 Market Competition Competition in the German market is a key variable of Greggs’ success. Figure B- Competitor Analysis Germany cakes and pastries market share (% value) by company Manufacturer 2000 2001 Bahlsen 11.2 9.1 Lady Cake-Feine Kuchen 8.0 6.9 Dahli Kuchen 7.4 7.2 Grossbà ¤ckerei Wendeln 7.0 7.0 Dan Cake 3.2 3.4 Kuchenmeister 7.8 11.3 ABK 9.0 8.6 Private Label 15.1 16.5 Other 31.3 30.0 Total 100 100 It is therefore important to identify, analyse and monitor competitive movement. Figure B illustrates the potential competition in the German bakery market in accordance to market share 5.2.5 Geographical Climate Greggs’ sales are affected only by climatic extremes – very hot weather can depress demand for bakery products, and prolonged rain or snow can make people reluctant to go out and make their usual daily purchases . This pattern is mirrored in Germany and therefore fluctuations in sales must be accounted for. 5.2.6 The German Market The use of the Porters 5 Forces model has recognized the attractiveness of the German bakery market through the identification of barriers to entry and potential substitutes . 6.0 – International Marketing Objectives In light of the organisations resources and competencies, the following objectives have been established: 6.1 Short Term Objectives Utilise promotional mechanisms to encourage trial and to inspire customer loyalty to the brand By fulfilling this objective, Greggs will be working toward securing a loyal customer base thereby defending themselves, to a large extent, from competitors. Conduct quarterly pricing reviews to ensure that prices remain competitive with rivals By ensuring competitive prices, Greggs’ reinforce their commitment to offering ‘value for money’ as highlighted in their mission statement. To ensure all employees receive high standards of training that is reflected in high quality service to the consumer Greggs corporate strategy highlights the importance of a fun and supportive working environment. They promote themselves as being a â€Å"great place to work † and encourage personal development. This in turn reflects on their high quality service offered to the end consumer. 6.2 Long Term Objectives To continually monitor, anticipate and challenge competitor movements in the bakery market. This will allow Greggs to remain innovative and develop new and adapted recipes in response to market changes and consumer needs. To strengthen and build upon our place market to achieve 4% position by 2010. This will be achieved through â€Å"core growth and introduction of new outlets â€Å". It will enable Greggs to be a proficient player in the German Bakery market (see Figure B) To broaden the Greggs product portfolio by 5% year on year. This will permit Greggs to expand their operations, in line with their growth ideals, and additionally offer a larger product range to ever-evolving consumer needs. To launch a further 6 stores in Germany by 2010 thus expanding scope and influence. This will facilitate Greggs strive towards achieving their main aim: ‘To be Europe’s finest bakery-related retailer.’ Increase awareness of the Greggs brand in the German bakery market By attaining brand awareness, Greggs will able to insulate themselves, to an  extent, from the wrath of competition. The German bakery market is largely fragmented thus making it an attractive market for potential new entrants. 7.0 Foreign Market Entry Strategy â€Å"Firms deciding to enter a foreign market face a critical decision in choosing the best market entry mode to service the market. This decision is crucial because it can have an ongoing impact on a firm’s international business performance .† Root (1994) suggests three different rules ‘Naà ¯ve rules’, ‘Pragmatic rules’ and ‘Strategy rules’. However as a result of the increasingly heterogeneous nature of the international market, it is important that Greggs do not generalise their approach, but adapt each entry mode according to the host market. The mode selected in Belgium therefore, may not be entirely applicable to Germany. Based on this rationale, Greggs will be employing ‘Strategy rules’ which is when all entry modes are compared and evaluated before a choice is made . Moreover, according to Hollensen (2001) â€Å"some firms have discovered that an ill judged market entry selection in the initial stages in the firms internationalisation can threaten the firms future market entry and expansion activities â€Å", hence illustrating its importance to Greggs plc. Greggs will need to consider the main groups of entry mode influencers prior to choice in order to identify the most appropriate and profitable mode. 1) Internal Factors According to the Company’s Act (1985), firms with over  £5.75 million in turnover and over 250 employee are classified as large. Greggs more than qualifies this with a turnover of  £422.6 million and employment of 17600 people in 2003. This provides them with an adequate resource capability to open up a sales and production subsidiary in Germany. Moreover, in developing their theory of internationalization, Johanson and Vahlne 1977 assert that â€Å"uncertainty in international markets is reduced through actual operations in foreign markets (experiential knowledge) rather than through the acquisition of objective knowledge .† Greggs have already ventured into Antwerp and Leuven in Belgium hence increasing their experiential knowledge and expertise. Greggs produce is fresh and baked goods. In order to maintain this stance, the only feasible option would be to produce, as well as sell in the host country. Additionally, because Greggs will promote themselves as a British company, they will be communicating a clear differential and competitive advantage. 2) External Factors Both the UK and Germany are members of the European community thereby reducing their Socio-Cultural distance. This proximity between countries will therefore favour hierarchical modes of entry. Due to the proximity between countries perceived risk is reduced. Companies are therefore less reluctant to pursue more involving modes of entry. It has been stated that â€Å"the size of the host country is an important attraction to foreign direct investment † as large and growing markets will make management more likely to commit resources to the development of a wholly owned subsidiary . With a population in excess of 825 Million people in 2002 Germany is evidently a large and growing market making it an ideally suited to a FDI mode of entry. Moreover, the German bakery market is highly fragmented which reduces barriers to entry in the form of dominant competitors. All other variables being equal, the higher the intensity of competition, the more likely a firm is to select an export mode of entry. The German cakes and pastries market is made up of several small players each of which occupy small proportions of the marketplace . This presents itself as an ideal  proposition to Greggs who will be able to establish themselves without dominant opposition. 3) Desired Mode Characteristics The choice of mode of entry will also depend on the attitudes of the decision maker. Although it is difficult to determine how pro-risk or risk averse Greggs Managing Director Sir Mike Darrington is, one may assume from their hierarchical entrance into Belgium that a high risk, expansionist strategy has been adopted and will be pursued. The degree of control that management desire over operations will help establish which mode of entry to employ. Hierarchical modes allow high levels of control over operations ensuring that the latter are carried out to Greggs specification. All else being equal, the greater the resource investment, the lower the flexibility of the business. Consequently, if Greggs pursue a hierarchical mode of entry, they will have to consider their potential limited flexibility. The above suggests that Greggs’ would benefit from a hierarchical mode of entry as it satisfies all criteria for the latter. This is where the firm completely owns and controls the foreign entry mode. However, regardless of the apparent control over operations specified by this mode, the degree of control that head office can exert over the subsidiary depends on how many and which value chain functions can be transferred to the market. Having reviewed all alternatives, its was decided that a Sales and Production subsidiary will be introduced in Germany leaving the Research and Development and Marketing activities to be conducted at home in the UK. According to Hollensen (2001) , having selected this mode of entry, Greggs  will benefit from having full control over the whole operation. Moreover, Greggs has long term market potential in Germany and therefore the ownership of a sales and production subsidiary will enable Greggs to build a strong international presence over a long period of time. This method also eliminates the possibility that a national partner gets a ‘free ride’ and allows Greggs to gain market knowledge directly. A sales and production subsidiary will facilitate rapid entry to the German market allowing quick access to its distribution channels. Plus, no transportation costs will be incurred as raw materials will be purchased in the host country. In addition to those proposed by Hollensen, Greggs may benefit from being able to adapt the ingredients used to German tastes. They can additionally tailor the servicescape to German preferences. Greggs produce is non-durable and therefore it would be inappropriate to needs to be produced and sold quickly as it is predominantly sell fresh food. Retaining R&D and Marketing operations at home will reduce costs and risk. Having established themselves in the German market, Greggs may consider transferring these operations over in the future. Moreover, employing a hierarchical mode will enable Greggs to exploit new market opportunities as soon as they arrive with minimal delay. In line with the latter, Abell (1978) concept of a strategic window states that there are only limited periods during which the fit between the requirements of the market and capabilities of the firm are at an optimum . Investment should therefore be timed accordingly. Although, this method will require a great deal of investment in terms of time, money and commitment, research has shown that â€Å"the profit returns generated by foreign direct investment modes are usually greater than those generated by exporting â€Å". According to the Uppsala Internationalisation Model, companies begin their internationalisation process a) by moving into relatively close markets  first then more distant ones and b) companies entered new markets through exporting. Although at face value it appears that Greggs’ strategy contradicts the assumptions of model, it does however highlight the following exception: Firms that have larger resources can take larger steps with fewer consequences. Arguably Greggs fall under this category. This model also suggests that firms start by entering markets which are nearer in terms of psychic distance hence reducing uncertainty. Germany is considered relatively near and despite language barriers, the German culture is similar to that of the UK as highlighted in the ‘Environmental Analysis’ section of this report.

Verismo in classical music

Verismo in classical music Introduction Over time, there have been changes in the way performance art is presented. Classical music has not been an exception since it advances as different composers use different modes to express themselves.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Verismo in classical music specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Verismo is a unique style of music which expresses every day happenings in society. It makes use of ordinary settings to communicate to the audience. This paper is going to look at Verismo in relation to classical music and with reference to various composers. Discussion Verismo refers to the composition of classical music based on natural elements and it was introduced to Italy in the late 19th Century. This genre of opera was related to both truth and realism in performance. Composers of this genre focused more on reality rather than on sentimental subjects and portrayed real life issues. This was made possible by the use people in simple contemporary dresses. Verismo also used the rural and impoverished society as opposed to the aristocrats. Composers used ordinary people to communicate and the themes were some times violent. This made it possible to bring out the humility of people in the plots. It is a genre that shows every day life (Samson, 2001). There are two different types of verismo. The first one is the nationalism of cavalleria which is both lyrical and choral and it is more popular. It depicts brutality, passion and poverty. The other type of verismo is bourgeois nationalism by Trisri Amore. Poor people are used by composers to clearly bring out the unique features of verismo by depicting the real life of ordinary people rather than noble figures in society. This makes verismo a genre that was in touch with reality. Verismo is able to show the bad side of life with most unfortunate incidents that life has to offer (Samson, 2001). Unlike in verismo, the verdian genre which procee ded verismo placed more emphasis on the human voice. The singing was much heavier than in verismo and was sometimes more lyrical. The vocal requirements in Verdi and verismo were different. Verismo requires a much stronger produced tone with little emphasis on vocal niceties.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of verismo in classical music can be best illustrated through the works of different classical music composers like Ruggero Leoncavallo. Verismo composers do not only perform classical music for it to appeal to the audience vocally but to portray the feelings of a character. The whole set of performance has to reflect a certain action and the opera has to be continuous. It would therefore not be possible to select parts of the opera and perform them separately. There is however an exception of a few operas such as Cavalleria Rustiana and Tosca which have cho ruses and duets that can be easily excerpted and performed in concerts (Boyden, 2002). Verismo was largely influenced by the works of Richard Wagner although there was a difference in the use of orchestra by Wagner and Verismo composers. The orchestra in Wagner did not have to follow what was being presented by the singer. After Verdi, verismo incorporated real life situations into classical music. Ruggero Leoncavallo was the main contributor to verismo and he emphasized on every person’s role in society. He was interested in real life scenarios and insisted that every individual should take responsibility over their life as well as the lives of those around them. He did not base his music on noble themes but rather on the stories of ordinary people. His most famous composition was the pagliacci which was based on a murder that had occurred. His compositions were different from the Romantic Italian Opera and he was able to make use of theatrical effects in opera. Ruggero†™s compositions were based on real cases that his father presided over. I Pagliacci which was his best opera was based on the relationships of performers and the jealousy that existed among them. Verdi paved way for verismo since it was after he had stopped composing that Puccini and other composer’s embraced verismo and incorporated realism in their classical music (Boyden, 2002). Francesco Cilea was another composer who significantly contributed to verismo. In his verismo composition L’arlesiana, he brought out the idea of French naturalism in music. There was gradual advancement of negative emotion in the lyrical conversation that eventually led to the death of Federico who was a young protagonist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Verismo in classical music specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a classical example of verismo with the performance embracing natural occurrences of every day life. In his other composition Adriana Levouveur there was a lot of emotion expressed and realism as well and it is the composition that made him famous in the world of verismo. Umberto Giordano used international political situations that were happening in real life. His compositions were based on a modern historical setting which helped to bring out the idea of verismo (Pistone, 1995). In contrast to Verdi, verismo did not accept mythological and historical subjects. Verismo usually had violent plots that led to murder caused by sexual violence. It was at the same time melodramatic and very realistic. It was able to bring together the sensational and the sordid aspects common people. The music devices that were used in verismo to bring out realism were melodies and that were depicted emotion. Solo voices were also used to make passionate declamations (Scherer, 2007). There were composers such as Giacomo Puccini who did not entirely follow the verist opera. Some of his works were however perfectly verist for instance in La Bohà ¨me which depicted four poor artists living in Paris and a more impoverished girl earning a living from doing embroidery. Although controversial, Giacomo Puccini was the initial composer of verismo to join opera after Verdi. Most of his compositions revolved around suicide or death caused by the betrayal of a loved one. La Bohà ¨me revolved around Rodolfo and Mimi who were lovers and their feted love affair. The performers were able to charm and at the same time inform viewers. The song sung by Rodolfo at the end of the first Act to Mimi was able to bring out a lot of emotion in the way Rodolfo described himself. In this song, Puccini was able to incorporate the correct theme, tone and characters that made the performance to be verist. He was expected to have very high quality work since he had succeeded the very influential and famous Giuseppe Verdi. He was able to comfortably tackle any subject that would bring out verismo. The subjects mainly revolved around revenge, seduction, sex, betrayal, revenge, death and murder. He was able to incorporate sadistic passions and dramatic actions into his classical music. Madame Butterfly is composed in a very interesting setting which was based on the way a Japanese bride was viewed by her groom who was an American Sailor. It ends with a girl committing suicide on stage. This was a clear indication of realism that is embraced in verismo (Scherer, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of the classical verismo songs were in an anti-legito and vociferous way. They would strain their vocals of singers while performing by forcing their high tones. Because of this strain, they would not be able to perform for long periods of time. Some of the verismo singers included Adelaide Saraceni and Rosina Storchio. Pietro Mascagni also composed verismo. In his Cavalleria Rusticana, he was able to deliver a good example of verismo which showed the bad side that life had to offer as was the case in most verismo compositions. It depicted love and jealousy that were present in a village. Ave Maria was an interlude in the opera which show cased true verist style and emotion. This led it to become a stand alone piece. The opera ends with death which was as a result of romantic betrayal. Pietro’s role as a composer of verismo was only evident in Cavalleria Rusticana as his other works did not meet the standards he had set in his first composition (Boyden, 2002). Conclusion Verismo was a unique kind of classical music that used simple people and material to communicate. It was very real and reflected the lives and issues facing ordinary people. The performers therefore had to be able to effectively express emotion. Most of the verismo compositions only lasted a few minutes within which they would communicate about real life situations in a melodramatic manner. Most of the composers of this genre of music were Italian since it was often tied to Italy’s culture and language. References List Boyden, M. (2002). The Rough Guide to Opera. City: Rough Guides Limited. Pistone, D. (1995). Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera from Rossini to Puccini. Portland: Amadeus Press. Samson, J. (2001). The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scherer, B. (2007). A History of American Classical Music:. City: Naxos Books.

Different Elements of Governance Essays

Different Elements of Governance Essays Different Elements of Governance Essay Different Elements of Governance Essay Why are there arrows flowing in both directions between the different elements of governance depicted in exhibit 3-2? The arrows represent the flow of information throughout the governance structure. There are arrows because they show the direction of the communication that there has to be between the elements of governance. What is the difference between the two areas of governance depicted in exhibit 3-3? The strategic direction is when the board is responsible for providing strategic direction and guidance relative to the establishment of key business objectives, consistent with the organizations business model and aligned with stakeholder priorities. Governance oversight focuses on the boards role in managing and monitoring the organizations operation. The difference is that strategic direction is when the board gets involved and provides guidance in order to achieve the organizations objectives, and governance oversight is when the board is actually working on managing and monitoring the organization and what they are doing to achieve the objectives. What are the three different types of stakeholders that the road must understand? Give examples of each type. Directly involved, such as customers and employees, interested such as vendors and shareholders and influence such as regulatory agencies and financial Institutions Directly Involved employees, customers, vendors. Interested employees, customers, vendors, shareholders/limestone, regulatory agencies and financial Institutions Influence shareholders/limestone, regulatory agencies and financial Institutions. What types of outcomes might a board need to insider to understand stakeholders expectations? Financial, Compliance, Operations, Strategic. PEPS Compliance Litigation, code of conduct violations Operations achievement of objectives, efficient use of assets. Strategic reputation, corporate sustainability. What role does the Internal audit function play In governance? The Internal audit activity must assess and make appropriate recommendations for Improving the governance process. The Internal audit should help and gulled the organization to achieve Its goals related to governance. It should help Improve the ethics and values of the organizations, make sure there Is an outstanding performance of management and communicate with the necessary Individuals to Improve the organizations governance process. Different Elements of Governance By sessions influence such as regulatory agencies and financial institutions Directly involved Interested employees, customers, vendors, shareholders/investors, regulatory agencies and financial institutions Influence shareholders/investors, regulatory agencies and financial institutions. What types of outcomes might a board need to Financial PEPS What role does the internal audit function play in governance? The internal audit activity must assess and make appropriate recommendations for improving the governance process. The internal audit should help and guide the organization to achieve its goals related to governance. It should help improve the ethics and values of the organizations, make sure there is an outstanding performance of management and communicate with the necessary individuals to improve the organizations